Proximity sensor senses and indicates the presence of an object within a fixed space near the sensor without physical contact. Different commercially available proximity sensors are suitable for different applications.
Range sensor measures the distance from a reference point to a set of points in the scene. Humans can estimate range values based on visual data by perceptual processes that include comparison of image sizes and projected views of world-object models. Range can be sensed with a pair of TV cameras or sonar transmitters and receivers.
A touch sensor senses and indicates a physical contact between the object carrying the sensor and another object. The simplest touch sensor is a micro switch. Touch sensors can be used to stop the motion of a robot when its end-effectors make contact with an object.
Acoustic sensor senses and interprets acoustic waves in gas, liquid, or solid. The level of sophistication of sensor interpretation varies among existing acoustic sensors, frequency of acoustic waves and recognition of isolated words in a continuous speech.
A force sensor measures the three components of the force and three components of the torque acting between two objects. In particular, a robot-wrist force sensor measures the components of force and torque between the last link of the robot and its end-effectors by transmitting the deflection of the sensor's compliant sections, which results from the applied force and torque.
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